Engine oil turns black from a combination of combustion byproducts, heat oxidation, and detergent additives suspending carbon particles in the fluid. Black oil is not automatically a sign of a problem ...

A vacuum leak can cause a variety of drivability issues in your vehicle. Here's how you can isolate the leak and the steps you should take to fix it.

Abstract: An unknown input observer provides perfect asymptotic tracking of the state of a system affected by unknown inputs. Such an observer exists (possibly requiring a delay in estimation) if and ...