Thermodynamic spontaneity—whether a reaction can go—can be measured by changes in either of two parameters: entropy or free energy.

Entropy, introduced by Rudolf Clausius in 1865, is a way to quantify the amount of energy dispersion within a system. It reflects how energy, whether thermal or chemical, becomes more scattered ...

What's an intuitive way to understand entropy? originally appeared on Quora: the knowledge sharing network where compelling questions are answered by people with unique insights. Answer by Mark ...

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 93, No. 15 (Jul. 23, 1996), pp. 7452-7453 (2 pages) ...

Alfredo has a PhD in Astrophysics and a Master's in Quantum Fields and Fundamental Forces from Imperial College London.View full profile Alfredo has a PhD in Astrophysics and a Master's in Quantum ...

Every moment that passes finds us traveling from the past to the present and into the future, with time always flowing in the same direction. At no point does it ever appear to either stand still or ...

Solar energy is critical for a clean-energy future. Traditionally, solar energy is harvested using silicon – the same semiconductor material used in everyday electronic devices. But silicon solar ...

Cosmologists have spent decades striving to understand why our universe is so stunningly vanilla. Not only is it smooth and flat as far as we can see, but it’s also expanding at an ever-so-slowly ...