As high-speed serial data rates advance beyond 50 Gb/s, conventional logic-emulating non-return-to-zero (NRZ) signaling is being replaced by PAM4, a four-level pulse amplitude-modulation scheme. PAM4 ...
In the days of relatively slow 66-MHz buses, designers could ignore signal-integrity effects without problem, certainly for small boards. Similarly, they didn't have to know about S-parameters ...
Scattering parameters (better known as s-parameters) are intrinsically a frequency-domain concept. For wireless applications, which deal with a modulated carrier wave, the frequency domain is entirely ...
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