This study followed a standardized machine learning workflow for model development and evaluation. The process commenced with data collection and preprocessing, followed by comprehensive feature ...

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a versatile technique for characterizing materials and analyzing elements, but it is limited in its quantitative accuracy due to nonlinear effects. This ...

(a) Examples of three major ML model types: tree‐based models (e.g., random forests, gradient boosted trees), kernel‐based models (e.g., support vector machines, Gaussian processes), and deep learning ...