Gain insight into the CXL specification. Learn how CXL supports dynamic multiplexing between a rich set of protocols that includes I/O (CLX.io, based on PCIe), caching (CXL.cache), and memory (CXL.mem ...

Unlike box instruments, modular instruments connect directly to I/O buses such as PCIe. Thus, they don't use SCPI (Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments) commands the way ...

The transfer of data to and from peripheral devices in Windows PCs. The first PCs used port-mapped I/O (PMIO) addressing, which used an address space separate from main memory to read and write ...

Once the processor is running and memory has been initialized, timers and devices must be started up and a memory map laid out. Only then, can the OS be loaded. In the first part of this article, I ...