Figure 1 shows that individual measurement values hover around a mean value and the difference between the mean value and true value is the systematic error of ...

When gathering a measurement using a spectroscopy instrument, the user wants to be confident in the result. Whether the technique is OES, XRF, or LIBS, or if thickness or composition are measured, the ...

Test instruments such as oscilloscopes and DMMs (digital multimeters) often let you get the measurement results you need with just the press of a button. But the number on a meter's display or the ...

Measurement error in exposure assessment is unavoidable. Statistical methods to correct for such errors rely upon a valid error model, particularly regarding the ...

In the region of the solar radiation/convection zone boundary 11, the electron temperature T e ≈ 2.1 × 10 6 K, the electron density n e ≈ 9 × 10 22 cm −3, and the iron opacity arises mainly from ...