The diagnosis of HPS depends on establishing that impaired gas exchange in a patient with liver disease is due to pulmonary vascular dilatation. In most cases, the results of arterial blood gases and ...

The characteristics of hepatopulmonary syndrome include an oxygen saturation < 80%, an increased alveolar-arterial gradient (> 15 mm Hg) while breathing room air, portal hypertension with or without ...

An 80-year-old man presented to his physician's office for evaluation of shortness of breath and fatigue four weeks after repair of a hiatal hernia. He reported a mild, nonproductive cough and ...