X-ray spectroscopic techniques rely on the element-specificity of inner-shell photoexcitation/ionization to probe electronic densities with atomic-site precision. The ...

EDS works by focusing an electron beam onto the sample, which causes the sample to emit X-rays. Each element emits X-rays at unique energy levels, allowing for the identification and quantification of ...

XPS relies on the photoelectric effect, where irradiating a material with X-rays causes the emission of core electrons. The kinetic energy of these emitted electrons is measured, which can be directly ...