Cleanrooms are one of the most energy intensive facilities per square foot. Most cleanroom airflows are determined by industry-accepted air change rates and airflow velocities. Typically, cleanroom ...

This article provides an overview of the important factors associated with air handling systems within pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical facilities. It provides information on the need for these ...

Mechanical engineers in charge of designing, constructing, installing, maintaining, operating and troubleshooting equipment in cleanrooms are always looking for innovations that will help them do ...

The contaminants identified as cancer-causing include benzene, formaldehyde, butadiene, toluene, acrylonitrile and isocyanates, among others. These chemicals are emitted as gases and soot during a ...

Unfortunately, the potential threats to building occupants are varied and increasing. To adapt properly, let’s look at the culture change needed in the design process. Commissioning, recommissioning, ...

Although the offshore industry lacks standardized guidelines, this article identifies some criteria that an engineer should consider in the design of offshore heating, ventilating, and ...