Invented 30 years ago, the atomic force microscope has been a major driver of nanotechnology, ranging from atomic-scale imaging to its latest applications in manipulating individual molecules, ...

The world of nanoscale analysis has been revolutionized by the advent of electrical Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) modes. New possibilities for measuring electrical properties with remarkable precision ...

Force spectroscopy relies on the precise measurement of forces acting on a probe as it interacts with a sample. The key principles of force spectroscopy include: AFM-based force spectroscopy is the ...

Scientists at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory have reimagined the capabilities of atomic force microscopy, or AFM, transforming it from a tool for imaging nanoscale features ...

PFM is based on the converse piezoelectric effect, where an applied electric field induces mechanical strain in piezoelectric materials. In PFM, an AC voltage is applied between a conductive atomic ...